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World History > The Sumerians

The Sumerians

Sumer and Akkad (5,000 - 1,600 B.C.):
The Sumerians settled in Mesopotamia and built the first civilization from a number of city states. The Sumerian city states were actually independent nations situated along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The Sumerians established important trade routes throughout this region and traded with their contemporary Egyptian and Indian civilizations. Sumerian city states consisted of public buildings, workshops, markets, irrigation systems a royal palace and a ziggurat (a temple dedicated to the god of the city). Historians attribute one of the earliest writing systems, cunneiform, to the Sumerians. This writing system dates back to 3,200 B.C. in the form of clay tablets which catalog accounts, records, sacred scripts and letters. Priests controlled early Sumerian civilization but gradually lost power as commerce eclipsed religion in importance. Around 2,900 B.C., a rivalry grew between the growing populations of the wealthy Sumerian city states which led to infighting for control of the region. The internal strife within Sumeria was further compounded by invasions from the neighboring Persian, Arab and Turkish tribes intent on usurping control of the Sumerian wealth and power.

In 2,334 B.C. the city of Akkad under the leadership of Sargon became the dominant Sumerian city state. Sargon’s oppressive rule allowed him to establish the world’s first empire which gradually declined until around 2,100 B.C. when the city of Ur became more prominent. After a century of power, the Assyrian and Babylonian civilizations replaced Ur as the most dominant civilizations in the region.

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